1. Croscarmellose sodium (cross-linked CMCNa): a cross-linked copolymer of CMCNa

Properties: White or off-white powder. Due to the cross-linked structure, it is insoluble in water; it swells rapidly in water to 4-8 times its original volume. The powder has good fluidity.

Application: It is the most commonly used super disintegrant. Disintegrant for oral tablets, capsules, granules.

2. Carmellose calcium (cross-linked CMCCa):

Properties: White, odorless powder, hygroscopic. 1% solution pH 4.5-6. Almost insoluble in ethanol and ether solvent, insoluble in water, insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, slightly soluble in dilute alkali. or off-white powder. Due to the cross-linked structure, it is insoluble in water; it swells when it absorbs water.

Application: tablet disintegrant, binder, diluent.

3. Methylcellulose (MC):

Structure: methyl ether of cellulose

Properties: White to yellowish white powder or granules. Insoluble in hot water, saturated salt solution, alcohol, ether, acetone, toluene, chloroform; soluble in glacial acetic acid or an equal mixture of alcohol and chloroform. The solubility in cold water is related to the degree of substitution, and it is most soluble when the degree of substitution is 2.

Application: tablet binder, matrix of tablet disintegrating agent or sustained-release preparation, cream or gel, suspending agent and thickening agent, tablet coating, emulsion stabilizer.

4. Ethyl cellulose (EC):

Structure: Ethyl ether of cellulose

Properties: White or yellowish-white powder and granules. Insoluble in water, gastrointestinal fluids, glycerol and propylene glycol. It is easily soluble in chloroform and toluene, and forms a white precipitate in case of ethanol.

Application: An ideal water-insoluble carrier material, suitable as water-sensitive drug matrix, water-insoluble carrier, tablet binder, film material, microcapsule material and sustained-release coating material, etc.

5. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC):

Structure: Partial hydroxyethyl ether of cellulose.

Properties: Light yellow or milky white powder. Fully soluble in cold water, hot water, weak acid, weak base, strong acid, strong base, insoluble in most organic solvents (soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide), in diol polar organic solvents Can expand or partially dissolve.

Applications: Non-ionic water-soluble polymer materials; thickeners for ophthalmic preparations, otology and topical use; HEC in lubricants for dry eyes, contact lenses and dry mouth; used in cosmetics. As a binder, film-forming agent, thickening agent, suspending agent and stabilizer for drugs and food, it can encapsulate the drug particles, so that the drug particles can play a slow-release role.

6. Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC):

Structure: Partial polyhydroxypropyl ether of cellulose

Properties: High-substituted HPC is white or slightly yellow powder. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, propylene glycol, isopropanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide, the higher viscosity version is less soluble. Insoluble in hot water, but can swell. Thermal gelation: easily soluble in water below 38°C, gelatinized by heating, and form flocculent swelling at 40-45°C, which can be recovered by cooling.

L-HPC outstanding features: insoluble in water and organic solvents, but swellable in water, and the swelling property increases with the increase of substituents

Application: High-substituted HPC is used as tablet binder, granulating agent, film coating material, and can also be used as microencapsulated film material, matrix material and auxiliary material of gastric retention tablet, thickener and Protective colloids, also commonly used in transdermal patches.

L-HPC: Mainly used as a tablet disintegrant or a binder for wet granulation, as a sustained-release tablet matrix, etc.

7. Hypromellose (HPMC):

Structure: Partial methyl and part polyhydroxypropyl ether of cellulose

Properties: White or off-white fibrous or granular powder. It is soluble in cold water, insoluble in hot water, and has thermal gelation properties. It is soluble in methanol and ethanol solutions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, acetone, etc. Its solubility in organic solvents is better than water-soluble.

Application: This product is a low-viscosity aqueous solution used as a film coating material; a high-viscosity organic solvent solution is used as a tablet binder, and the high-viscosity product can be used to block the release matrix of water-soluble drugs; as eye drops thickener for lacquer and artificial tears, and wetting agent for contact lenses.

8. Hypromellose Phthalate (HPMCP):

Structure: HPMCP is the phthalic acid half ester of HPMC.

Properties: Beige or white flakes or granules. Insoluble in water and acidic solution, insoluble in hexane, but easily soluble in acetone:methanol, acetone:ethanol or methanol:chloromethane mixture.

Application: A new type of coating material with excellent performance, which can be used as film coating to mask the peculiar smell of tablets or granules.

9. Hypromellose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS):

Structure: Mixed acetic and succinic esters of HPMC

Properties: White to yellowish white powder or granules. Soluble in sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate solution, easily soluble in acetone, methanol or ethanol:water, dichloromethane:ethanol mixture, insoluble in water, ethanol and ether.

Application: As tablet enteric coating material, sustained release coating material and film coating material.

10. Agar:

Structure: Agar is a mixture of at least two polysaccharides, about 60-80% neutral agarose and 20-40% agarose. Agarose is composed of agarobiose repeating units in which D-galactopyranosose and L-galactopyranosose are alternately linked at 1-3 and 1-4.

Properties: Agar is translucent, light yellow square cylinder, slender strip or scaly flake or powdery substance. Insoluble in cold water, soluble in boiling water. Swells 20 times in cold water.

Application: As binding agent, ointment base, suppository base, emulsifier, stabilizer, suspending agent, also as poultice, capsule, syrup, jelly and emulsion.